New technologies, from advanced propellers and flight management systems to software focused on optimizing routes to reduce fuel use, are changing the way we fly.
Harjit Birdi has been captivated by energy systems since he was a child in India. His father was an official at the State Electricity Board. When the power went down, his dad’s job was to race through town with a crew to find the source of the fault. Despite his mother’s worries, Birdi demanded that his father take him along on his emergency expeditions. A few years later, when it was time to choose his college major, the choice was obvious. “Electrical engineering fascinated me, because energy is something you can’t see,” he says. “You can’t see those electrons.
Electrical substations — the clusters of circuit breakers, transformers and switchgears that stick out of the ground like giant cattle prods — aren’t much to look at. What they lack in glamour, they make up for in sheer utility. Substations are the grid’s unsung heroes that toil in obscurity to keep our homes lit and phones charged. You might find one near a power plant, switching up the power generated by, say, a gas-burning facility into electricity that flows in high-voltage transmission cables to towns and cities.
Operating a massive power grid is a bit like riding a bike, says the Swiss national grid operator Swissgrid. It’s easiest if you’re on a level surface, but things get trickier going uphill or downhill — or, in the case of the grid, when there are fluctuations in supply and demand that require power plant operators to either spin their turbines faster or ease off the throttle.